What Was the Charge Against Socrates

Socrates  (469–399 BCE) was a great Greek philosopher, the source of the Socratic Method, and known for his sayings about knowing nothing and that the unexamined life is not worth living. Socrates is not believed to have written any books. What we understand of his philosophy comes from the writings of his contemporaries, including his pupil Plato, who showed Socrates’ method of instruction in his dialogues. In addition to the content of his teaching, Socrates is also best known for drinking a cup of poison hemlock. This was how the Athenians carried out a death sentence for a capital offense. Why did the Athenians want their great thinker Socrates to die? There are three main contemporary Greek sources on Socrates, his pupils Plato and Xenophon, and the comic playwright Aristophanes. From them, we know that Socrates was accused of impiety against the traditional Greek religion, of acting (as a member of the Popular Assembly) against the will of the people, of speaking against the democratic idea of elections, and of corrupting the young to his own beliefs. Aristophanes (450–ca 386 BCE)   De Agostini / Biblioteca Ambrosiana / Getty Images The comic playwright Aristophanes was a contemporary of Socrates, and he addressed some of Socrates issues in his play The Clouds, which was staged only once in 423 BCE and 24 years before the execution. In The Clouds, Socrates is portrayed as a remote, haughty teacher who turned away from the state-supported Greek religion to worship private deities of his own device. In the play, Socrates runs a school, called the Thinking Institute, that teaches those subversive ideas to young men.   At the end of the play, Socrates school is burned to the ground. Most of Aristophanes plays were the satirical puncturing of the Athenian elite: Euripides, Cleon, and Socrates were his main targets. British classicist Stephen Halliwell (born in 1953) suggests that The Cloud was a blend of fantasy and satire that offered a ludicrously distorted image of Socrates and his school. Plato (429–347 BCE)   markara / Getty Images The Greek philosopher Plato was one of Socrates star pupils, and his evidence against Socrates is given in the essay The Apology of Socrates, which includes a dialogue that Socrates presented at his trial for impiety and corruption. The Apology is one of four dialogues written about this most-famous trial and its aftermath—the others are  Euthyphro, Phaedo, and Crito. At his trial, Socrates was accused of two things: impiety (asebeia) against Athens gods by introducing new gods and the corruption of Athenian youth by teaching them to question the status quo. He was accused of impiety specifically because the Oracle at Delphi said there was no wiser man in Athens then Socrates, and Socrates knew he was not wise. After hearing that, he questioned every man he met to find a wiser man than he. The corruption charge, said Socrates in his defense, was because by questioning people in public, he embarrassed them, and they, in turn, accused him of corrupting the youth of Athens by the use of sophistry. Xenophon (430–404 BCE) MrPanyGoff/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 3.0 In his Memorabilia, a collection of Socratic dialogues completed after 371 BCE, Xenophon— philosopher, historian, soldier, and a student of Socrates—examined the charges against him. Socrates is guilty of crime in refusing to recognise the gods acknowledged by the state, and importing strange divinities of his own; he is further guilty of corrupting the young. In addition, Xenophon reports that while acting as president of the popular assembly, Socrates followed his own principles instead of the will of the people. The boule was the council whose job entailed providing an agenda for the ekklesia, the citizen assembly. If the boule didnt provide an item on the agenda, the ekklesia couldnt act on it; but if they did, the ekklesia was supposed to address it. At one time Socrates was a member of the Council [boule], he had taken the senatorial oath, and sworn as a member of that house to act in conformity with the laws. It was thus he chanced to be President of the Popular Assembly [ekklesia], when that body was seized with a desire to put the nine generals, Thrasyllus, Erasinides, and the rest, to death by a single inclusive vote. Whereupon, in spite of the bitter resentment of the people, and the menaces of several influential citizens, [Socrates] refused to put the question, esteeming it of greater importance faithfully to abide by the oath which he had taken, than to gratify the people wrongfully, or to screen himself from the menaces of the mighty. Socrates, said Xenophon, also disagreed with the citizenry who imagined that the gods are not all-knowing. Instead, Socrates thought the gods were omniscient, that the gods were aware of all the things that are said and done, and even things thought about by humans. A critical element that led to Socrates death was his criminal heresy. Said Xenophon: The fact being, that with regard to the care bestowed by the gods upon men, his belief differed widely from that of the multitude. Corrupting the Youth of Athens Finally, by corrupting the young, Socrates was accused of encouraging his students down the path he had chosen—in particular, the one that led him into trouble with the radical democracy of the time, Socrates believed that the ballot box was a stupid way to elect representatives. Xenophon explains: Socrates cause[d] his associates to despise the established laws when he dwelt on the folly of appointing state officers by ballot: a principle which, he said, no one would care to apply in selecting a pilot or a flute-player or in any similar case, where a mistake would be far less disastrous than in matters political. Words like these, according to the accuser, tended to incite the young to contemn the established constitution, rendering them violent and headstrong. Sources Aristophanes. Clouds. Johnston, Ian, translator. Vancouver Island University (2008).  Halliwell, Stephen. Did Comedy Kill Socrates? OUPblog, December 22, 2015.  Plato. Apology. Trans: Jowett, Benjamin. Project Gutenberg (2013)Xenophon. The Memorabilia: Recollections of Socrates. Trans. Dakyns, Henry Graham. 1890-1909. Project Gutenberg (2013).

The Issue Of A Physician Assisted Suicide Essay - 1266 Words

Currently in America, terminally-ill patients in most states have only two options: receive treatments (some experimental) or wait for natural death. The third option on the other hand, exists in only five states. For dying patients in Montana, Oregon, Washington, Vermont, and California, they have the option for a physician assisted suicide (PAS). California recently passed the End of Life Option Act, thereby joining Oregon, Washington, and Vermont when it comes to legalizing PAS via legislation. For Montana, PAS is neither legal nor illegal according to a court decision. Judging by the fact that PAS is currently only practiced in five out of fifty states, it is clear that the issue of hastening the death of patients (by their own wishes) remains a hotly debated topic. This paper will proceed to analyze how each of the five states tackled the issues surrounding PAS. When it comes to Montana, as stated earlier, PAS is neither legal nor illegal. According to the website Death with Dig nity, the writer states â€Å"the Montana Supreme Court ruled 5-2, in Baxter v. Montana, that nothing in the state law prohibited a physician from honoring a terminally ill, mentally competent patient’s request by prescribing medication to hasten the patient’s death† (______). Because of the fact that PAS is practiced in Montana thanks to a legal technicality, there are no set guidelines for physicians. Instead, the debates are ongoing when it comes to the status of PAS within the state. Thus far,Show MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Physician Assisted Suicide1488 Words   |  6 Pagesdetermines ‘good’? And the question that is under much debate and discussion: Should anything be done to make it so? That, in the form of physician-assisted suicide (PAS), is one of the pressing topics that faces healthcare today. 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Information System Risk Management of NSW Government

Question: Discuss about the Information System Risk Management of NSW Government. Answer: Introduction In todays world each and every organization is exposed to different types of security threats and vulnerabilities which can affect its functionality in a negative manner (Alhawari, 2012). Therefore, it is important for organizations or governments like NSW government to identify, understand and mitigate these risks and uncertainties that can affect its information system. The following report discusses the different threats (deliberate and accidental) and risk concerns which can affect the information system. Moreover, comparative analysis of the threats, ranking of those threats, challenges faced by NSW government while deciding the approach of risk mitigation are also provided. In addition to this, the report also contributes to the difference between the risk and uncertainty, available approaches for NSW government to control and mitigate the risks. Illustration of security risks and concerns of the Information system Figure 1: Illustration of different security risks and concerns (Source: Created by author using MS Visio) Explanation on the Diagram and Identify the Areas of Risk Exposure Explanation on Diagram Risk can be defined as the factor that can cause potential harm that may arise from some current practice. In case of information systems the risk can be stated as the factors that lead to the failure of availability, confidentiality and integrity of the information system to the NSW government (Frangopoulos, Eloff Venter, 2013). As depicted in the above diagram it is clear that there are several risks to which the information system of NSW government is exposed. These risks include both deliberate and accidental threats that can affect the functionality of NSW government (Zeng Skibniewski, 2013). The deliberate threats include infection of the malware to the system, espionage, data theft, unauthorized access to NSWs information system, denial of service, routing cache poisoning, routing table overflow Use of faulty softwares, errors in operating the information system etc. On the other hand the accidental threats and risks include accidental data disclosure, accidental alteration and modification of residual data, use of faulty software, data transmission error, sabotage of the employees etc. Malware infection: This risk takes into account the malicious software that can be used to intrude into the NSWs information system (Peng, Peng Chen, 2014). Denial of service: This attack causes unavailability of the information system to it intended users. The service may be interrupted for temporarily or for indefinite system. Espionage: As NSW government depends on the different gathered information to take different decisions (McNeil, Frey Embrechts, 2015). Therefore obtaining the information or data from its database which is not publically available by different technical means is called espionage. Accidental modification of the residual data: When the users of information system does not have proper knowledge about the usage of the system (Zeng Skibniewski, 2013). This lack of knowledge leads to the accidental disclosure of confidential data. Data transmission errors: Due to the improper use of information system the confidential data residing at NSW governments information system can be disclosed to an undesired person or organization (Frangopoulos, Eloff Venter, 2013). Use of faulty software: The use of faulty softwares in the information system makes it easy for the intruders or hackers to get access to NSWs database (Alhawari, 2012). The hackers or intruders exploit the different loop holes of the pirated or un-patched software. Risk Exposures Threats High Medium Medium-Low Low Deliberate 1. DoS 2. Routing cache poisoning 3. Espionage Intrusion through malicious website. Unauthorized access to the governments information system. Use of pirated or Un-patched software Sabotage by the employees 1. Operational errors 2. Data transmission error Comparison between deliberate and accidental threats and their ranking Comparison of Deliberate and Accidental Threats For NSW government it is important that it should protect the data that resides inside its information system that cannot be disclosed publically, since it may cause unrest in the society. As the data is targeted by different individual and organizations, therefore information system of NSW government is exposed to different threats. The deliberate threats are mainly manmade and are intended to harm the information system by affecting its functionality or stealing the data residing inside it. Therefore these attacks may not be controlled by NSW government but preventive measures can be taken to protect or minimize the effect of these threats (Zeng Skibniewski, 2013). Like, it is observed that, employees visiting malicious sites are unintentionally helping the intruders to get into the organizations information system. On the contrary for the deliberate threats this are caused due to the lack of awareness of the employees in the organization and hence that can be controlee by providing proper training to the employees (Peng, Peng Chen, 2014). Like, if the employees are advised to take proper control mechanisms for sending and receiving data is adopted then the unintentional disclosure of data can be avoided. From the comparative analysis of deliberate and accidental threats it can be said that both are harmful for the information system of NSW government (Galliers Leidner, 2014). Since they may disclose confidential data in public domain or affect the functionality of the information system which may lead to the interruption between its daily workings and availability of the information system to its users (employees of NSW governments). The table below depicts the ranking of different threats according to their impact and importance to NSW government. Rank of Threats in order to Importance Threat type Impact of the threat Rank of the Threat Deliberate threats The deliberate threats are mainly done by the hackers to get control over the information system to alter or manipulate data that resides inside the information system (Alhawari, 2012). In worse situations it is possible that the system or data is unavailable to its users as a result of the attack. Very High Accidental threats In contrast to the deliberate attacks the if the information system is affected by any accidental threats that has caused due to the lack of knowledge of any employee then it is possible to restore the system to a previous state and retrieve all the data by using proper tools (Galliers Leidner, 2014). More over this threat can be controlled by providing appropriate training to the users of information system. Low Justification for ranking The information system of NSW government is exposed to both deliberate and accidental threats. The comparison between them shows that the affects can be minimized even the risks can be mitigated if proper knowledge and assistance is given to the employees while using the information system (Frangopoulos, Eloff Venter, 2013). Therefore the effect of the accidental threats can be controlled by the NSW government and hence it is ranked as medium. On the contrary the deliberate threats or attacks are carried out intentionally by a intruder in order to get control over the system, in the worst case scenarios it may happen that information system is hijacked and unavailable to the government and the users. Therefore its almost impossible to control the attacks (Alhawari, 2012). Even though the effect of the attacks can be minimized but cannot be totally prevented from occurrence. Hence, the deliberate attacks are ranked Very high. Possible Challenges that may be faced by NSW government Several challenges can be faced by NSW government while taking decision on the risk management (whether risk management for the information is to be outsourced or managed internally). Therefore possible challenges are discussed bellow, Loss of control on the operations: handling over the responsibility of managing the risks to the other organization may cause the loss of control on the different day to day operations on the information system by the users of NSW government (Galliers Leidner, 2014). It becomes worse if the organization and NSW government has conflict between their goals, attitude and motivation. Issue of trust: The issue of trust is another challenge that has to be faced by NSW government. It has to be ensured that the external organization which has access to the governments organizations is also protecting the integrity, confidentiality, and availability of the governments data. Lack of expertise: While outsourcing risk management of the information system it is often difficult to find any third party which have a proven expertise in the concerned filed (Frangopoulos, Eloff Venter, 2013). Hence, the future of the risk management becomes uncertain due to the third parties lack of expertise. Difference between Risk and Uncertainty (Related NSW government) i) The risk of any threat or attack is about the probability of its occurrence to the information system of NSW government. On the contrary the uncertainty of a risk or threat is about the situation in which the future occurrences of the events are not known (Alhawari, 2012). ii) The risk related to a particular threat can be measured. In contrast with that uncertainty cannot be measured. iii) The risks can be controlled by taking preventive measures. In contrast with risk the uncertainty cannot be controlled since the future events are not known (Galliers Leidner, 2014). iv) The probability of the risks can be calculated for NSW government, but for probability it cannot be calculated. v) In case of risk there are a finite number of variables that needs to be considered, but in case of uncertainty it includes too many unknown variables that have to be considered when the outcome is to be calculated. Evaluation of different available approaches for risk mitigation To mitigate and control the threats and risks there are several approaches are available to NSW government. The approaches are discussed below, Access control: It is possible for the organization to control the physical access to the information system (Alhawari, 2012). By this measure the chances of sabotage and unintentional data modification can be mitigated. Up gradation of infrastructure: For better risk management, it is required to upgrade the infrastructure of the information system so that latest technologies can be incorporated; to control the access to the information system, prevention of the intrusion through the fake websites can be done. Prioritization of the operations: Since NSW government is going to integrate new risk management system to protect its information system, therefore it has to prioritize the different operations to be completed (Frangopoulos, Eloff Venter, 2013). Conclusion For better risk management of the information system different risks needs to be identified and assessed properly so that they can be mitigated and controlled accordingly. To mitigate and control the risks in this connected world, the awareness related to the security risks must be raised between the employees. In addition to this, the government should monitor the use of the different data by the users so that misuse or unintentional disclosure of data can be avoided. At the end the standard practices should be incorporated to use the information system by the users so that deliberate attacks can be controlled. References Alhawari, S., Karadsheh, L., Talet, A. N., Mansour, E. (2012). Knowledge-based risk management framework for information technology project.International Journal of Information Management,32(1), 50-65. Axelrod, C. W. (2013, May). Managing the risks of cyber-physical systems. InSystems, Applications and Technology Conference (LISAT), 2013 IEEE Long Island(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Frangopoulos, E. D., Eloff, M. M., Venter, L. M. (2013). Psychosocial risks: Can their effects on the security of information systems really be ignored?.Information Management Computer Security,21(1), 53-65. Galliers, R. D., Leidner, D. E. (2014).Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Gibson, D. (2014).Managing risk in information systems. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Henriksen, E., Burkow, T. M., Johnsen, E., Vognild, L. K. (2013). Privacy and information security risks in a technology platform for home-based chronic disease rehabilitation and education.BMC medical informatics and decision making,13(1), 1. Kutsch, E., Denyer, D., Hall, M., Lee-Kelley, E. L. (2013). Does risk matter? Disengagement from risk management practices in information systems projects.European Journal of Information Systems,22(6), 637-649. Mayer, N., Aubert, J., Cholez, H., Grandry, E. (2013, June). Sector-based improvement of the information security risk management process in the context of telecommunications regulation. InEuropean Conference on Software Process Improvement(pp. 13-24). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. McNeil, A. J., Frey, R., Embrechts, P. (2015).Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques and tools. Princeton university press. Peltier, T. R. (2016).Information Security Policies, Procedures, and Standards: guidelines for effective information security management. CRC Press. Peng, M., Peng, Y., Chen, H. (2014). Post-seismic supply chain risk management: A system dynamics disruption analysis approach for inventory and logistics planning.Computers Operations Research,42, 14-24. Qin, J., Faber, M. H. (2012). Risk management of large RC structures within spatial information system.Computerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ Aided Civil and Infrastructure Engineering,27(6), 385-405. Theoharidou, M., Papanikolaou, N., Pearson, S., Gritzalis, D. (2013, December). Privacy risk, security, accountability in the cloud. InCloud Computing Technology and Science (CloudCom), 2013 IEEE 5th International Conference on(Vol. 1, pp. 177-184). IEEE. Yucel, G., Cebi, S., Hoege, B., Ozok, A. F. (2012). A fuzzy risk assessment model for hospital information system implementation.Expert Systems with Applications,39(1), 1211-1218. Zeng, Y., Skibniewski, M. J. (2013). Risk assessment for enterprise resource planning (ERP) system implementations: a fault tree analysis approach.Enterprise Information Systems,7(3), 332-353.

Until the Church do us Part free essay sample

A look at the Catholic Churchs attitudes towards gay marriages. This four-page paper presents a discussion about why the Catholic Church refuses to sanctify gay marriages. The writer uses several sources to detail the church position on the matter and explain the reaction of the gay community regarding the churchs refusal to sanctify their unions. In recent years there has been a large change in the way homosexuals are viewed and treated in the world. It was not so long ago that gays and lesbians had to keep their preferences a secret and never reveal to the outside world that they like the same gender. However, in recent history the shift has moved away from persecution and toward acceptance. While the battle continues to rage about whether homosexuals are born or made, the world for the most part has decided it doesnt care and accepts the concept regardless of origin. We will write a custom essay sample on Until the Church do us Part or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page